نشریه اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهی
پیاپی 18 (پاییز 1393)

In order to study the effect of drought stress on seed yield and some physiological characteristics of different genotypes of red bean، an experiment was performed in split plot based on randomized complete block design in three replications at the research field of Islamic Azad University of Shiraz. The main plot factor was irrigation surfaces (normal and stress) and the sub plot factor was red bean genotypes including KS31169، D81083 and Goli. Samples were taken after drought stress in the 50% flowering stage، and the amounts of soluble sugars، proline content، sodium and potassium، relative water content and leaf chlorophyll index were measured. Grain yield and 100 grain weight traits were also estimated after harvesting. The results of the experiment showed that the concentration of soluble sugars، proline content، leaf chlorophyll index and K+ increased and relative water content decreased under drought stress. Sodium ions revealed no significance different among genotypes under normal and stress conditions. KS31169 genotype had the highest rain yield، 100 grain weight، leaf chlorophyll index and proline content. D81083 genotype had the highest 100 seed weight، relative water content and soluble sugar content. Amount of potassium ions، relative water content and chlorophyll index increased in Goli genotype. The results indicated that the accumulation of excess sugars، chlorophyll، potassium and proline content in beans can make the plant resistant to drought stress.

Using biological fertilizers containing different microbial strains، leads to less chemical fertilizer application and consequently high quality products with no harmful chemicals for human health. In order to investigate the effect of seed inoculation with growth promoting rhizobacteria and nitrogen fertilizer timing on growth indices، yield and some morphological traits of triticale (Joanilo variety)، a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2012، at the green house in agricultural science college of Mohaghegh Ardabili university. The factors consisted of nitrogen fertilizer timing in four levels including T1 (1/2 in planting time + 1/2 during stem elongation)، T2 (1/3 in planting time + 1/3 during stem elongation + 1/3 before panicle appearance)، T3 (1/4 in planting time + 1/2 during stem elongation + 1/4 during panicle growth) and T4 (1/4 in planting time + 1/4 during tilling stage + 1/4 during stem elongation + 1/4 during panicle growth) and seed inoculation with growth promoting rhizobacteria in four levels including B0 (no-inoculation)، B1 (Azotobacter chroococcum، strain 5)، B2 (Azospirillum Lipoferum، strain OF) and B3 (Pseudomonas putida، strain 4). Results indicated that the interaction of bacterial inoculation and nitrogen fertilizer timing were significant on all measured traits. It seems that seed inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and the second and third fertilizer timing levels led to an increase in yield and improved growth indices as well as morphological traits so that the most leaf area index، crop growth rate، relative growth rate and plant dry weight were observed in the interaction of Azotobacter and Azospirillum inoculation in the second and third fertilizer timing levels. Bacterial inoculation with Azotobacter and second fertilizer timing level increased grain yield 2. 5 times more than the control treatment. The most values for morphological traits of triticale were acquired in seed inoculation with growth promoting rhizobacteria and the second and third fertilizer timing levels. Using biological fertilizers containing different microbial strains، leads to less chemical fertilizer application and consequently high quality products with no harmful chemicals for human health. In order to investigate the effect of seed inoculation with growth promoting rhizobacteria and nitrogen fertilizer timing on growth indices، yield and some morphological traits of triticale (Joanilo variety)، a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2012، at the green house in agricultural science college of Mohaghegh Ardabili university. The factors consisted of nitrogen fertilizer timing in four levels including T1 (1/2 in planting time + 1/2 during stem elongation)، T2 (1/3 in planting time + 1/3 during stem elongation + 1/3 before panicle appearance)، T3 (1/4 in planting time + 1/2 during stem elongation + 1/4 during panicle growth) and T4 (1/4 in planting time + 1/4 during tilling stage + 1/4 during stem elongation + 1/4 during panicle growth) and seed inoculation with growth promoting rhizobacteria in four levels including B0 (no-inoculation)، B1 (Azotobacter chroococcum، strain 5)، B2 (Azospirillum Lipoferum، strain OF) and B3 (Pseudomonas putida، strain 4). Results indicated that the interaction of bacterial inoculation and nitrogen fertilizer timing were significant on all measured traits. It seems that seed inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and the second and third fertilizer timing levels led to an increase in yield and improved growth indices as well as morphological traits so that the most leaf area index، crop growth rate، relative growth rate and plant dry weight were observed in the interaction of Azotobacter and Azospirillum inoculation in the second and third fertilizer timing levels. Bacterial inoculation with Azotobacter and second fertilizer timing level increased grain yield 2. 5 times more than the control treatment. The most values for morphological traits of triticale were acquired in seed inoculation with growth promoting rhizobacteria and the second and third fertilizer timing levels.

Irrigation and nutrition are two most important factors in increasing crop grain yield. In order to elevate the effects of supplemental irrigation and nitrogen levels on grain yield and morphophysiological traits of two wheat cultivars، an experiment was carried out at research Farm of Razi University in Kermanshah in 2008-2009. The experiment was conducted as split plots arranged in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Treatments included supplemental irrigation [control (dryland) and irrigation during stem elongation، anthesis and grain filling] in main plots، nitrogen at 4 levels (0، 50، 100 and 150 kg ha-1) (N net from urea source) in sub plots and two wheat cultivars («Sardari» and «Cross-Alborz») in sub-sub plots. Supplemental irrigation had higher flag leaf area and chlorophyll contents than dryland state. Application of 150 kg ha-1 N produced higher flag leaf area. Supplemental irrigation had higher flag leaf area at anthesis and grain filling stages. The highest of grain yield was obtained with supplemental irrigation at anthesis (3622 kg ha-1) and booting stages (3520 kg ha-1). Cross alborz cultivar (with 3378 kg ha-1) was better in grain yield than Sardari cultivar (2982 kg ha-1). Based on the results of this experiment، supplemental irrigation at Anthesis or stem elongation stage has greater impact on grain yield and physiological traits compared to the grain filling stage. Also، application of 50 kg N ha-1 had higher grain yield (3350 kg ha-1).

To investigate the effects of supplemental irrigation and foliar application of zinc on yield and yield components of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)، an experiment was conducted during the 2011-2012 in Sabzevar، Iran. Treatments were supplemental irrigation time (dry farming without irrigation، irrigation at flowering، irrigation at pod formation، irrigation at both flowering and pod formation) as main plot and time of Zinc foliar application with 2% concentration (control، foliar application at vegetative، foliar application at flowering and foliar application at both vegetative and flowering) as sub plot in a split block experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replicates. Results showed that supplemental irrigation at both flowering and poding had significantly higher grain yield (49. 57 g m-2)، biological yield (65. 04 g m-2)، pod number in plant (24. 84) and height (27 cm) compared to other irrigation regimes، whereas thousand grain weight had not response to supplemental irrigation. Yield and yield components had different responses to zinc foliar application. Although Zinc foliar application at both vegetative and flowering stages had the highest economic yield (47. 44 g m-2)، biological yield (65. 59 g m-2)، and seed per plant (26. 65)، Zinc foliar application at flowering stage increased 1000 grain weight (173. 7 g). Overall، supplemental irrigation at both flowering and poding with zinc foliar application at both vegetative and flowering stages was a suitable treatment to achieve maximum yield in Sabzevar conditions.

Due to water limitation، using nutrients can reduce the loss resulted from stress. In order to investigate the effect of zinc Sulfate and potassium sulfate in two irrigation methods، an experiment based on split factorial in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was conducted. Two irrigation methods (conventional irrigation and deficit irrigation) were considered as main plots and different levels of zinc (zero، 15، 30 and 45 kg/ha) and potassium sulfate (zero، 75، 150 and 225 kg/ha) as sub plot. The results showed that the spike length، number of grains per spike، grain yield، biological yield and 1000 grain weight in conventional irrigation were more than deficit irrigation. Application of 45 and 225 kg/ha zinc sulfate and potassium sulfate produced the highest value of these traits. There was no significant difference between the two levels 30 and 45 kg/ha application of zinc sulfate and 150 and 225 kg/ha potassium sulfate. In deficit irrigation application of 30 kg/ha zinc sulfate or 225 kg/ha potassium increased grain yield to normal irrigation values. With the development of deficit irrigation using anti-stress nutrients such as zinc and potassium can be effective in amplification of irrigation methods.

To investigate the effect of non-iron chelates application on yield of sesame Darab 14، an experiment was conducted as randomized complete block design with three replications in 2012 at Meybod University. Nano-iron chelates in quantity of 10 and 20 Kg/ha as soil and foliar spray with the density of 1/1000 were studied in the phases of stem elongation، flowering، stem elongation with flowering and the control group (without fertilization). The characteristics of plant height، numbers of capsules per plant، number of seeds in each capsule، weight of thousand seeds، yield of seed، biologic percentage of oil، amount of iron in seed were evaluated The results show that spraying dunging flowering with stem elongation and stem elongation has the most effect on the characteristics of plant height، number of seeds per capsule، number of capsules per plant and biologic procedure. Weight of 1000 seeds was significant only in soil consumption of 20 Kg of nano-iron chelates. The amount of iron in seed increased in all phases except spraying consumption in stem elongation. The findings showed that spraying in stem elongation with flowering and stem elongation and soil commotion of 10 and 20 Kg/Hec of nano-iron increased quantitative yield in sesame.

In order to investigate the effect of different planting dates and application of different sprayed humic acid compounds on physiological and chemical characteristics in different cultivars of grasses Castor (Ricinus communis L.)، an experiment was conducted at the research farm of Agricultural Research Station located in Shiraz Islamic Azad University، Shiraz، Fars، Iran (located at 29°37′N52°32′E and 1486 m altitude elevated from sea level) during spring 2013. The experiment design was laid out entirely in a split–factorial arranged in a randomized completed block design (RCBD) with three replications. In the present study، two different varieties of Ricinus communis L. named Impala and Local Dameghan cultivars were considered as the main factor، two levels of sprayed humic acid (1500 and 3000kg/ha-1) as the second factor and planting date as the third factor. During these treatments at harvest time stage، the quantitative and qualitative properties، including (seed yield، oil seed، protein content، total chlorophyll content، carotenoid content) were measured and compared with control. Result showed that total chlorophyll content and oil seed percent at 17 June planting date was significant at P <0. 01. The results indicated that the highest seed oil (50. 08%)، chlorophyll a (5. 17 mg/g)، chlorophyll b (5. 35 mg/g) and carotenoid content (59. 17mg/g) were related to the application of 3000kg/ha-1 humic acid treatment. In addition، the results showed that the highest protein content (22. 3%) was related to Local Dameghan cultivar. On the other hand، the highest seed oil (47. 4%) and chlorophyll a (5. 1mg/g) and chlorophyll b (5. 2 mg/g) were recorded for improvement cultivar.

In tomato، parasite plants such as dodder that is a stem parasite has a major effect on yield. To control and keep the host from their harmful effects it is needed to use selective herbicides. Therefore other control methods are needed. In order to evaluate the effects of transplanting and direct planting methods of tomato cultivars on dodder (Cuscuta sp) parasitizing، a greenhouse experiment was conducted at Islamic Azad University of Shiraz، in 2012. The experiment was based on a randomized complete design (RCD) with factorial arrangement with three replications. The first factor was tomato cultivars (Falat CH، Petoldoli and Fk) and the second factor was different methods of planting (direct and transplant). Analysis of variance showed significant differences among cultivars for plant height، fruit yield and root fresh weight. The highest and lowest fruit yields were obtained from Falat Ch (40. 82 g) and Petoldoli (24. 41 g)، respectively. In relation to the effect of planting methods، the results showed that plant height، fruit yield and diameter and fresh and dry weights of tomato were higher in direct planting method than transplanting while dry weight of dodder was higher in transplanting method. The results also showed that reduction in tomato Falat CH yield was higher than Petoldoli and Fk and this cultivar was more resistant to be parasitized by dodder.